Electric fungi

Fungi are a source of fascination. This kingdom of life – more closely related to animals than to plants – encompasses an enormous variety. Everything can be found here: from edible mushrooms to molds, from single-celled life to the largest organism on Earth, from disease-causing pathogens to superheroes that produce medicines. Now, Empa researchers have coaxed another ability out of fungi: generating electricity.

As part of a three-year research project, supported by the Gebert Rüf Stiftung as part of their Microbials funding program, researchers from Empa's Cellulose and Wood Materials laboratory have developed a functioning fungal battery. The living cells do not produce a whole lot of electricity – but enough to power a temperature sensor for several days, for example. Such sensors are used in agriculture or in environmental research. The biggest advantage of the fungal battery: Unlike conventional batteries, it is not only completely non-toxic but also biodegradable.

Fungi from the printer

Strictly speaking, the cell is not a battery, but a so-called microbial fuel cell. Like all living things, microorganisms convert nutrients into energy. Microbial fuel cells make use of this metabolism and capture part of the energy as electricity. Until now, they have mostly been powered by bacteria. "For the first time, we have combined two types of fungi to create a functioning fuel cell," says Empa researcher Carolina Reyes. The metabolisms of the two species of fungi complement each other: On the anode side there is a yeast fungus whose metabolism releases electrons. The cathode is colonized by a white rot fungus, which produces a special enzyme, allowing the electrons to be captured and conducted out of the cell.

The fungi are not "planted" into the battery but are an integral part of the cell from the outset. The components of the fungal battery are manufactured using 3D printing. This allows the researchers to structure the electrodes in such a way that the microorganisms can access the nutrients as easily as possible. To do this, the fungal cells are mixed into the printing ink. Easier said than done: "It is challenging enough to find a material in which the fungi grow well," says Gustav Nyström, Head of the Cellulose and Wood Materials lab. "But the ink also has to be easy to extrude without killing the cells – and of course we want it to be electrically conductive and biodegradable."